During an allogeneic transplant, a healthcare expert introduces hematopoietic stem cells from a donor into the host’s body. These donated stem cells eventually turn into mature blood cells. However, in some cases, the donated cells may perceive the host cells as a foreign threat, attacking the recipient’s cells as an immune response. This condition is known as graft versus host disease (GvHD) and can develop into two types, including acute graft versus host disease (aGvHD).

Occurrence
Healthcare professionals used to classify GvHD based on the timing of the symptom onset. Nowadays, providers diagnose specific types of GvHD based on symptoms and healthcare trials, in addition to the onset of symptoms. Acute graft versus host disease (aGvHD) typically develops shortly after a transplant, usually within the first 100 days. However, the symptoms of this type may appear at a later stage. Another commonly seen type is chronic graft versus host disease (cGvHD), which might develop any time following an allogeneic transplant, with a majority of the cases starting within two years.

Symptoms
The symptoms of aGvHD can range from mild to moderate to severe, typically affecting the skin, liver, or gastrointestinal tract (GI). Affected persons may also experience a range of symptoms, including a rash or reddened areas on the skin accompanied by itching or pain. The rashes usually develop on the shoulders, ears, neck, palms of the hands, and soles of the feet and may spread to other parts of the body.

In addition to skin issues, aGvHD can lead to other symptoms such as vomiting, nausea, abdominal cramping, diarrhea, and jaundice. While some symptoms may be mild, other cases can be severe and may require a visit to a clinic.

Management
A healthcare professional typically recommends treatments based on the type of GvHD. Those affected may receive immunosuppressive prescriptions orally, intravenously, or topically to manage the complication. Some patients may also qualify for clinical trials, w hich determine the safety and effectiveness of the latest treatments and combinations of current methods.

Alternative methods
In addition to laying down a treatment plan, a healthcare expert may provide detailed guidance on self-care to avoid complications. This may include recognizing warning signs and knowing which symptoms require immediate medical attention. The professional may also offer specific tips for self-care if the individual is at risk of developing types of GvHD, including aGvHD.

• Sun exposure is a common trigger for GvHD and its associated types. To protect the skin, one must wear long-sleeved shirts and pants and apply sunscreen with a minimum SPF of 50 when stepping out during the day.
• Avoid foods with spicy ingredients that may upset the stomach or irritate the mouth.
• Practice healthy dental hygiene to reduce susceptibility to gum disease.
• Report any unusual signs following a transplant to a healthcare provider immediately so that adequate treatment can be provided .